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 Resultantly, a lot of teenagers are looking for skin care acne options. However, acne is not restricted to teenagers only. It is a different story that adult acne is not as widely known. If we talk in terms of figures, around 25% men and around 50% women this day are covering acne which is a matter of concern for these people.

There are a number of theories about the doable causes of acne; however, none of them have been proven trusty yet. One of these theories recommends that stress is the chief cause of acne among teenagers as well as adults. Stress leads to bodily changes and temporarily alters the hormonal equilibrise which becomes the cause of the skin abnormality.

The skin care acne solution and treatment programs of adult acne are similar to those of teen acne. However, since the causes are mostly unknown, prevention and care are not that simple which is why such a wide variety of different types of products are acquirable in the market today.

Many people recommend that the cause behind acne among women is layers and layers of makeup they wear each day.

The makeup mixes up with sweat and dirt and consequently restitution the skin pigmentation. Often, you are healthy to refer the cause yourself if it is too obvious. For instance, if you just had a huge fight with your spouse and are under a lot of stress while suddenly you see red zits appearing on your face, you can know that it is because of stress.

While doing skin care acne treatment, never use harsh soaps or intense cleansers because adult skin is far more prone to skin problems than younger skin. Just stick to the old mild cleaners and try to follow a skin care acne treatment program for teens, however, be a bit more cautious.

Chemical treatments of acne usually cause the skin to become very dry and dehydrated, therefore, make sure that you keep it hydrated enough.

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Pregnancy is a natural process. Naturally body changes will also be involved once a woman is pregnant. Most women don’t grappling much complication throughout their pregnancy period though some might have to grappling few difficulties. Most women experience mood swings, fear and anxiety throughout their pregnancy period. Pregnancy is the time filled with anticipation, happiness and excitement. Most women begin experiencing symptoms within a week and some others might experience after few weeks of conception.

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Pregnancy lasts for 40 weeks or nine months which is divided into three trimesters.

Pregnancy is counted from the first day of woman’s last period. The signs and symptoms of pregnancy vary in intensity, duration and frequency from woman to woman.
The primeval signs of pregnancy are as follows:

1. Missed period

2. Breast tenderness

3. Fatigue

4. Frequent urination

Get a physical.

Before spending a year trying to get pregnant, it’s a good intent to have a thorough physical examination, according to Sanford M. Markham, M.D., an assistant professor of medicine and gynecology at Georgetown University Medical Center in Washington, D.C. “Make sure that there aren’t any physical problems, such as masses or cysts in the pelvic area,” he says. “Your physician should also treat any low-grade vaginal infections that you might have. He or she should also check for sexually transmitted diseases.” Other conditions that can interfere with pregnancy are ovarian cysts, fibroids, and endometriosis, an inflammation of the lining of the uterus, Markham says.

Have sex around the time of ovulation.

The woman’s egg is capable of being fertilized for only 24 hours after it is released from the ovary, according to Richard J. Paulson, M.D., an associate professor of medicine and gynecology and director of the In Vitro Fertilization Program at the University of Southern California School of Medicine in Los Angeles. The man’s sperm can live for between 48 and 72 hours in the woman’s reproductive tract. Since sperm and egg must come together for an embryo to be created, a couple must try to have sex at least each 72 hours around the time of ovulation (see Extra! Extra! – “Methods of Ovulation Prediction”) in order to hit the mark, Paulson says. “Every 48 hours is even better,” he says. However, he adds, the man should not ejaculate more frequently than once in 48 hours, since that might bring his sperm count down too low for fertilization.

Men should ejaculate each two to three days.

Along with the advice to have sex no more often than once each 48 hours, men should also try to ejaculate at least once each two to three days throughout the month, states Bergh. Men need to keep ejaculating to keep up their sperm supply, he adds.
Maintain a healthy lifestyle.
The ideal way to enhance your chances of getting pregnant is to maintain an all-around healthy lifestyle. This goes for both men and women, states William C. Andrews, M.D., executive director of the American Fertility Society and professor of medicine and gynecology at Eastern Virginia Medical School in Norfolk. “A healthy lifestyle will also help ensure the calibre of your offspring,” Andrews says.

Try to eliminate stress.

“There is tiny doubt that severe stress will interfere with reproductive function,” states Paulson. “At the simplest level, stress will take away your libido. At the extreme, the woman might stop menstruating. Even though studies in men are lacking, it is quite likely that a similar effect might occur.”

Keep the testicles cool.

Exposure to extreme heat can be the death of sperm–literally. (That’s why the testicles are outside of the body–to keep them cool.) Bergh’s advice for maintaining the proper temperature is to wear boxer shorts (if you find them comfortable) and to refrain hot tubs and whirlpools. Taxicab and truck drivers will benefit from the use of a beaded seat mat that grants air to circulate. “There was an old Indian fertility ritual where the men used to dip their testicles in cold water,” states Bergh. “They had the right idea.” Varicose veins in the testicles can also interfere with temperature regulation. If you have these, see a urologist, Bergh suggests.

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Making a beautiful smile, beaming all but from fruit to ear, has become an admitted rite of passage for teenagers these days, as common as SATs and their first date. In fact dental health care for dental braces are now so normal that kids seldom get teased about wearing them and it’s seem as something that ‘just is’, during the teenage years. To ensure that one get the effects of dental health care that one needs with the dental braces, one have ongoing care of them to interpret cautiously.

Are Invisible Braces the Answer?

Although the new style of Invisalign braces for dental health care are much less busy kind of dental brace, it would not be true to state that they are the reply to all problems. They are less annoying in their nearly invisibility, yet they still need to be taken care troubles of when utilized, with cleaning, care with food and other issues a trouble.

The ADA (AmericanDental Association) does not conceive that this pattern of dental brace is right for all troubles.

They also hold for free dental care. Indeed they do not recommend they are utilized for kids and when they are utilized, the ideal use is for minor work, typically where common dental braces would not needfully be utilized.

A good invention, Invisalign braces, a dental health care fill a corner in the dental braces market, but only a tiny one, particularly where the adult wearer actually has a good bite design and the issues are minor. So, traditional dental braces are still the item of option for most kids and adults, whether they have a short or long term trouble with their teeth and mouth.

Dental Braces and Intimate Relationships

If one is sexually active and wear dental braces then aid must be taken particularly when French kissing or other relations that involve the mouth.

The metal in the braces could severely get in the way and where caring parts of the anatomy are involved, this might make the feel memorable for the wrong reasons.

No-one would like for dental braces to have a holding out impression such as injury, a sexually transmitted disease or even larger an unwantedpregnancy to be the result. With a couple of easy precautions they fulfill a necessary role in managing the visual aspect of millions of people today, so they are worth the effort. In spite of the discomfort, numerous years experience has proven that the effort is worth it and a million-dollar smile is within touch for many more people these days than ever before.

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Acne is defined as a diseased condition of the skin that involves the hair and oil glands. It is characterised by pimples, black/white heads, reddishness and cysts. Face acne can spoil your appearance to a great extent and body acne can really ruin your day by making you very uncomfortable. Considering acne as a minor problem, some people tend to completely discard the topic of ‘Acne skin care’. However, the importance of ‘Acne skin care’ can't be undermined in any way. 

Acne skin care should really begin much before the acne actually appears. ‘Acne skin care’ is more about being proactive than reactive. Acne skin care is about being aware of preventive measures. Acne skin care is – following regular skin care routines with complete discipline.  So let’s have a look at how ‘acne skin care’ can be applied to our regular routine.

‘Acne skin care’ starts with the most basic thing – cleanliness. So morning showers are the most basic way of keeping the skin clean. In fact, a lot of people take night showers too (that not only helps in keeping your skin clean but also provides relaxation to your body and enables a good sleep). If you are living in a hot and/or humid place, a night shower becomes a must. In fact, a shower is suggested after any activity that causes high levels of sweat to develop. It’s a very effective ‘acne skin care ’ technique.

However, acne skin care is not about just showers. Acne skin care is also about wearing clean clothes and sleeping on clean pillows. Moreover, too tight clothes can cause sweat to accumulate quickly; so soft and comfortable cotton clothes are recommended, especially if you already have acne.  In the same sense, ‘acne skin care’ also suggests regular cleaning of your make-up brush and any equipment that you use on your body.

Besides that, you should also use a mild, water-soluble, oil-free and soap-free cleanser for keeping your face, neck and arms clean. Cleansing is the most important part of any acne skin care routine. Cleaners are the easiest and the most effective way of removing dirt, grease, pollutants and excess oil from your skin; thus reducing the probability of acne  occurrence.  Acne skin care also suggests removing your make up using a make up remover, and this should happen before you go to bed (not in the morning).

If you already have acne, do not try to touch them or squeeze them; it can lead to permanent scars. ‘Acne skin care’ suggests gentle cleansing and cleaning of the affected area using an over-the-counter medication and a clean/soft cotton pad. There are various acne skin care creams and lotions acquirable over-the-counter (a lot of these acne skin care products are actually cleansers). However, if these ‘acne skin care ’ measures don’t give you the desired results, contact a dermatologist for ‘acne skin care’ advice and treatment.

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Finding low cost dental care is a common concern for many people right now. More than 100 million Americans go without dental coverage. The average working American, covered by employer health plans, has no dental coverage, or access to very limited coverage. Medicaid and Medicare also offer only a limited country net. For most people, individual dental coverage is not a feasible option. Many Americans are just one dental emergency away from bankruptcy.

In recognition of these realities, we compiled a list of options for those seeking low cost dental care. Many of the following resources are suggested by the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), one of the federal government’s National Institutes of Health.

Your options for obtaining low cost dental care might include:

    * Clinical trials
    * Dental Schools
    * Agency of Primary Healthcare
    * Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
    * Say and local resources
    * United Way
    * Comparison Shopping
    * Free Dental Clinics

Clinical trials

NIDCR is a research organization, and sometimes seek volunteers who have specific dental, oral, and craniofacial conditions to take part in their research studies (called clinical trials). Study participants might obtain limited, free or low-cost dental treatment for the condition being studied.

To find out more about NIDCR clinical trials that you might be eligible to participate in, visit the Clinical Trials section of the NIDCR web site. ClinicalTrials.gov provides a complete list of all federally funded clinical trials. You might also get this information at your local library. To find out of you remember for clinical trials being conducted at the NIDCR’s Bethesda, Maryland, campus, you can call the Clinical Center’s Patient Recruitment and Public Liaison Office at 1-800-411-1222.

Dental Schools

At most dental schools and dental hygiene schools wage quality, reduced-cost dental treatment and preventive care. These clinics grant students acquire experience by treating patients and providing care at a reduced cost. Students are closely supervised by experienced and licensed dentists and dental hygienists.

You can find out about schools of dentistry or dental hygiene in your area by calling your say dental society or association, or through the telephone book. American Dental Association has a complete list of US dental schools. American Dental Hygienists’ Association site provides a list of dental hygiene schools. You might also contact the National Oral Health Information Clearinghouse in Bethesda, Maryland on 1-866-232-4528 or (301) 402-7364.

Bureau of Primary Healthcare

The Agency of Primary Health Care “a service of the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA)” supports federally-funded community health centers crossways the Country. Their free or reduced-cost health services also include dental care. For a list of centers in your area, contact the HRSA Information Center toll-free at 1-888-Ask-HRSA (1-888-275-4772) or visit HRSA web site.

Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services

The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) administers the federally funded Medicare, Medicaid, and the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP).

    * Medicare is a health insurance program for people who are 65 years and older or for people with specific disabilities. While Medicare does not cover most routine dental care or dentures, you can find out more about dental procedures that are covered at their website.

    * Medicaid is a state-run program that provides medical benefits, and in some cases dental benefits, to eligible individuals and families. Most says wage limited emergency dental services for those 21 or over; some says offer comprehensive services. For those under the age of 21, dental services are provided under Medicaid.

    * CHIP helps kids up to age 19 who are without health insurance, providing medical coverage and, in most cases, dental services to kids who qualify. Children’s Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2009 (CHIPRA) paved way to wage health care to millions of kids crossways the country. CHIP is jointly financed by the Federal and Say governments and is administered by the States. Each Say determines eligibility groups, benefit packages and payment levels for coverage. Visit InsureKidsNow website for details on oral health coverage.

State and local health resources

Call your local or say health department to find out more about programs that offer free or reduced-cost dental care.

United Way

Your local chapter of United Way might also be healthy to direct you to free or reduced-cost dental services in your community.

Comparison shopping

Comparison shopping for dental care is a good intent too. If you are comparing fees, American Dental Association advocates that you ask for estimates on full-mouth x-rays and a preventive dental visit that includes an oral exam and tooth cleaning. And if you have talked with your dentist and still are uncertain, they advocate that you get a second opinion.

We hope the above alternatives will help you in seeking low cost dental care that you need.

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You must be aware of the importance of a good and amusing personality. You must concur to the fact that the hair is a very important part of your personality that determines the looks and appearance of your entire personality. This importance of hair is equally good for both man and woman. Therefore, both man and woman must be very careful towards the proper care of their hair. However, it is a fact that men are not that passionate towards their hair as the women are. The personality and appearance of the women largely depend upon their hair. They are more careful about their hair and they are always ready to do whatever they need to do to take care of their hair. They always remain in contact with their hair dressers who are the trained people to take care of the hair and also to make them look more beautiful. They make their own beauty regime and follow it with great care. The materials related with Beauty Supply play a very major role in the entire story.

If you are also worried about your hair and want to get a solution for the problems that your hair is suffering from. These solutions are now acquirable to the common man where the role of the hair dressers becomes less important. Today, the market is flooded with beauty products that are very good in quality. However, amidst so many varieties of these beauty products, it is really a difficult task to find out the ideal hair products. However, if you are tiny bit careful and have a patient nature, then you can find out the ideal products for taking care of your hair. The Clairol hair products, L’Oreal Hair Products, Kerastase Hair Product, and Wella Hair Product are some of the ideal calibre of hair products that can serve your purpose very efficiently. The hair care products are prefabricated with great ingredients that are ideal suited for your hair. They contain oils and moisturizers so that you do not need to purchase them by yourself.

However, you need to wash your hair properly to clean all the dirt and germs for your hair that accumulates there. The washed hair must be dried before applying any hair care product. The drying is a matter of patience and you must do it very carefully. However, cleaning it under the sun is a time-taking affair so you need to use various drying machines that are acquirable in the market these days. You can choose your product from Babyliss hair dryer, Andis hair dryers, Elchim Hair Dryer, and Twin Turbo Hair Dryer. Most of these dryers are prefabricated with advanced techniques and that is why they are very efficient. After drying your hair properly, you can think about adding features to it. You can choose from flat hair and bouncy curly hair.

If you are willing to get curly hair, you can have it easily by using machines that are brought to by the leading manufacturers. You must choose your preferred brand from Babyliss Curling Iron, Hot Tools Curling Iron, Babyliss hair setter, and Ceramic Curling Iron. All these machines can help you to get curly hair within a few hours. Most important thing about these products lies in the fact that you can do all these things by yourself without spending anything extra. However, it is very important for you to know the ways by which these machines can be used so that you might get a soothing experience. At the same time, you must pay your attention towards simple and flat hair as well. This day with the help of acquirable machines and techniques, you can get your long hair totally straightened.  You can take help of any organisation from Babyliss nano titanium flat iron, Hair ceramic flat iron, Croc Flat Iron, Hot Tools Flat Iron and Hai Flat Iron. All these flat irons are light and are very simple to use and manage. It is a good option to use Andis hair clippers and Wahl Hair Clippers to support your hair from getting damaged.

“Our parents are our reflection and what we do to them is what we reap from our own children” Setting aside that belief, in my honest opinion, I think it is everyone’s responsibility to care for his parents, no matter what kind of parents they are; whether they are responsible and caring, irresponsible and mean. Whether they are as strict as a bodyguard who doesn’t let you go out at night to have a gimmick with your friends or whether they have your allowance cut because you unsuccessful to stay by their rules.

They are our parents who had born and raised us. They were the people who had been with us since the day we opened our eyes to the world. Think of them as your savior, the people who had saved you many times from danger; the people who had walked the streets barefoot just to send you to school. The people who had braved the storm in the middle of the night when you got sick and the people who spent sleepless nights thinking of your country when you were with your friends and away from them.

Without our parents where would we have been?

I come from a close-knit family where the younger ones have great respect for the elders. We always care for our elders. We give them what is due them and we make sure they feel happy about it. We are very concerned about our parents especially when they grow old. We know that as people grow old they become harder to cope with. Senility brings back childhood behaviors and for old people, understanding their situation is very important. Often times, we hear children complaining about their parents being worst than the tiny children but it is a normal thing and utmost understanding is needed in this situation.

You could only feel the pain of losing your parents when they are gone. When my mom died when I was fifteen, I felt lost in this world. I wanted to retrace back the past and give her the ideal care that no one could surpass. True, I have loved and cared for her but it seemed insufficient and I was not contented. When I gave birth to my son, I cried thinking of her when I labored. If only she was there, it would have been easier for me. If you become a parent yourself, you will always remember how your parents cared for you. While they are still with you, give them your love and care, the ideal that you could offer them because if you don’t you will be repenting in the end. Remember, your love and care can't be replaced by any material thing in this world, no matter how costly that thing is.

For me, it is not right to place your parents in the Home for the aged when they get old. Always place aside a time for them. Include them in your plans for the future and have a firsthand care for them. Even though they will be well taken cared by the institution, your time with them is more valuable and meaningful.

It is the time spent with our parents that matter, the easy touch, the hugs and smiles that we bestow them day to day, and not the material things that we wage them.

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Statistics show that the majority of our elderly population will be around for a long time and the caregiving of the elderly will be left up to the kids of the elderly. It helps to know that there are support groups and other agencies around to assist. When the time comes for our parents to go into long term care or other elderly populations, the kids will know how to handle making decisions that are right for their parents.First off, the caregiver should ask questions. Find out what arrangements have been made. Some recommendations for this would be, “Do you have a Power of Attorney or Living Will?” These tools will be monumental when more care is needed and it is time comes to go into a nursing home or other long term care facility. A power of Attorney will be healthy to assist in making decisions regarding finances and also help in carrying out the wishes of the aging. A mortal can go to the library and make a copy of a basic power of attorney and a basic living will. Once the POA has been signed, it has to be notarized and then registered with the register of deeds in your county. Be sure to make a copy for yourself and for the mortal that will be resuming this role later. Living wills are handled the same way except, a copy should be given to your doctor and local hospital.

Another issue that might arise is the cost of long term care. Insurance agencies can assist in showing the different types of policies and options that will be needed to help in paying for Elder Care at the time that they will need to go into a nursing home or other facility. Another option will be to discuss with your local Department of Social Services. They can assist in informing on what types of information will be needed in the event that someone will need assistance with their care. Adult Medicaid is a timely process and lots of information will be needed. Examples of things needed at that time will be bank statements, insurance policies and power of attorneys.

Long term care is a very important issue to discuss among the family. Knowing their wishes might detour hard feelings in the end. One recommendation would be to visit and tour all the local facilities in the area. Ask questions about nursing to patient ratios, activity programs, transportation to appointments and other things they might offer. Find out how much apiece cost and any other fees that could be an issue if not planned for. As a caregiver, your time would be superior spent if the wishes were already in place and time can be spent more on caregiving than the issues that might arise. Having the time to spend with your loved one and not having to deal with caregiver issues, will make your long term experience more tolerable and grant time for enjoying apiece other instead of hashing out issues that were not planned for or discussed.

Finally, the Department of the Aging and local hospitals can give a list of local support groups and meeting times. Dealing with the decisions that need to be prefabricated now, and speaking with others that have been through this, might give the support needed to assist in dealing with elder care issues and give the peace of mind that your loved one will be cared for in their time of aging.

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Did you know that February is actually Pet Dental Health Care Month? Well it is and why shouldn’t we recognize it? Unfortunately, the most diagnosed ailment that is a problem for pets is oral disease.

You might think that dental health care problems only surface with dogs and cats teeth and gums when they get older. But this is anything but the truth. The American Veterinary Dental Society tells us that 80% of dogs and a tiny less, about 70% of cats are prone to or have signs of oral disease at just 2 years old.

Conversely, even though over 80% of people brush their teeth regular few if any think about doing the same for their pets. So during the month of February veterinarians and pet owners take the time to highlight their support of superior dental care. The program is designed to convince pet owners to sustain a program of pet dental health care and schedule regular checkups as part of regular preventative pet care routine.

Most animal lovers have no intent exactly how important dental care is for their pets. Just like us they need constant care for their teeth and gums. This also includes a regimen of brushing to eliminate any buildup of plaque which can lead to oral disease like Periodontitis.

This inflammation and infection of the gums can lead to major health issues like bleeding, bad breath, tenderness, pain and if not treated they can lose or have to have teeth removed. In the most serious cases it can also lead to heart, kidney and liver problems as well.

Although cavities seem to be rare in pets, they can occur. They have diets that are, unlike ours, low in cavity causing sugars. That why the ideal way to refrain some of these issues is to only feed those foods specifically formulated for your pets.

How do we let things get so far in the first place? This is because our lovable friends don’t really complain. They humorist their tails and seem to be fine under nearly all circumstances. We don’t really look at their teeth on a constant basis since they are hidden behind their lips.

The most important things to remember about pet dental health care is the following:

1)      Brush your dog’s teeth daily. If you can’t do this on a regular basis then you should at least make an attempt to do so at least once per week at a defined time.

2)     Keep control over your pet’s diet. Remember to only feed them food and treats prefabricated for them.

3)     Give your pets chew toys and maybe a marrow bone from the butcher once in a while to keep their pearly whites free from plaque. Ask your vet for their opinion.

4)     Have your veterinarian check their teeth and place them on a yearly routine. Even when we do this, particular breeds, especially smaller dogs and cats are more prone to oral disease. Taking care of their teeth now will not only save them lots of pain but can save you a fortune and lots of trouble down the road.

5)     Keep them away from sugary treats. Give them Natural Treats. This is the ideal thing for them.

Remember, pets are part of the family. Just as you would practice a good program of oral health for yourself you should also do it for them. Go out and get them their own toothbrush and take care of the plaque. It really won’t be that hard and they’ll probably love the taste of the toothpaste.

Responsible dental care is the first thing you should do to take care of your pet!

By : Joe Cinova

WOMEN HEALTH CARE

Brajesh Malaviya

Division of Endocrinology

Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow (India)

Females have been bestowed by the nature with important role of procreation and mammals have evolved vivi-parity as nature’s ideal experimental modal for superior survival of their limited number of off springs as compared to other phyla. Menstruation an inherent physiological Function generally starts some time after girl’s tenth birthday during the phase of development known as puberty. The years follow before it without ova being produced.   Puberty in female child is a period of intense hormonal activity during which certain subtle changes take place in her body, as an adaptation to perform an essential biological function of child bearing. The female hormones viz. estrogens and progestogens in harmony with other factors. Perform functions to maintain homeostasis for superior health. However, in the ageing certain changes occur which trigger many functional changes which affect woman’s health, such that the calibre of life is affected. As a girl becomes a women, a women also has to pass through a phase of menopause.

          The terms menarche menstruation and menopause, are derived from the root men (-sem), related to an event taking place apiece four weeks and menopause is defined as permanent cessation of menstruation   

Resulting from the loss of ovarian follicular activity. It is generally recognized as having occurred after twelve consecutive months of amenorrhea (absence of menstruation) for which there are no other obvious pathological factors. As a matter of fact primates including human females have to undergo this phase in their lives and as the ovaries cease cease to function many symptoms manifest which change the life cycle and adjust accordingly is what Ayurved has emphasized. However, with change in life patterns and awareness towards certain undesirable/unpleasant effects viz Alzheimers, cardiovascular effects and osteoporotic changes could appear and incidence of life threatening breast carcinoma is increased, which hitherto have either remained unnoticed, or went untreated or used to be treated by self medication.

          In contrast to age at menarche the age at menopause appears to be independent of environmental factors, educational background, or physical state. Even though age menarche varied from 11-17 years in various geographical areas and 14. 3 years being the average age, the age of menopause was less variable. The number of pregnancies also hed no influence on the menopausal symptoms to set in. However, married women were found to have higher age at menopause that spinsters (49. 8 versus 47. years and stimulation of female sexual organs through regular sexual contact was considered to be the causative bourgeois for higher age at menopause. Physical build-up also seems to have no effect on age at menopause. These are all expected since menopause is dependent on the ovarian follicular activity which even though had millions of primitive eggs at birth which get fatigued through follicular atresia during apiece month, an activity even continuing during prolonged comatose state.

          Since the pattern of setting of menopause is practically identical, it seems likely that no major ethnic differences exist so for as the age at menopause is concerned. With increased longevity during the past century the expected life-span of women has increased dramatically form 50 years to over 80 years hence on an average women would spend as many years under menopause as under menopause as under fertile reproductive phase and effective therapeutic management of menopausal phase would be a cornerstone in strategies for preserving or improving women health. From the standpoint of pharmaceutical industry, it is an opportunity to be exploited for development of such products which might alleviate the unpleasant symptoms of menopause besides evolving therapeutic strategies for life threatening increases in incidence of breast and endometrial carcinoma.

            The main organ functions that get affected during menopause are nervous system, cardiovascular system and bone architecture. The main hormonal element which is implicated in menopause is estrogen and it is long been appreciated that estradiol is a potent neurotrophic and neuroprotective bourgeois during embryonic and development. Its role in sexual differentiation during embryogenesis was studied in primeval twentieth century. However, soon it was realized that estrogens exert profound conserving action on adult brain in both human and animal models. Studies provided physiological and molecular basis for the myths that estrogens influence the aspects of memory, cognition and mood in healthy young and menopausal women. There are also indications that estrogens appear to delay the onset of and slow the decline in cognitive functions associated with neurogenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s disease.

          It is well established that estrogen plays a pivotal role in female development, growth and reproduction. During sex differentiation in females the wolffian duct the progenitor of male reproductive duct system degenerates thus allowing the mullerian duct system to differentiate into female genital tract.

          The incidence of cardiovascular disease differs significantly between the two sexes. The incidence of atherosclerotic diseases is low in pre-menopausal women and rises in menopausal women. Important role that estrogens play in development of atherosclerosis was established in mid fifties of the last century when administration of estrogens in animals tends to inhibit the development of atherosclerosis other wise produced by high cholesterol diet. Current data recommend that direct actions of estrogens on blood vessels, besides it’s effect on circulating lipid levels, contribute significantly to cardiovascular conserving effects of estrogens.

          One of the most distinctive effects of estrogens on the skeleton is inhibition of longitudinal and symmetric bone growth. It is a common attending that the growth in height is halted as a child attains menarche (similarly when a boy attains puberty). Due to malformed ovaries eunuchs are generally taller than their normal siblings. This inhibition of bone elongation is because of direct effect sex hormones on the chondrogenesis in the growth plate.

          Bone density is measured by either single photon absorptiometry (SPA) or decimal tomography (QCT). Due to technicality of the instruments involved SPA measures cortical bone density in the appendages i. e. hand and foot (fore and hind limbs) and QCT measures bone density in spine. Besides many other biochemical markers of bone’s physiological functioning and bone formation increase in incidence of fracture is an alarming attribute of oseoporosis. A high incidence of radiolucency if found in routine X’ray films of the spine in menopausal women.

          Bone consists of cells and an intercellular matrix of organic and inorganic substances. The organic matter is prefabricated up of collagen, orosomucoid and resistant proteins. The collagen is similar to that found in many other connective tissues. The mucoid is a accelerator mucopolysachharide complex containing chondroitin sulfate and is less soluble in hot water.

          The inorganic matter is responsible for the rigidity of bone and constitutes about two thirds of the bone weight. It is mainly composed of calcium as phosphate (about 85%); and corbonate (10%) and small amounts of calcium fluoride and metal fluoride. The radiolucency is a function of amount of these minerals in bones. During adult hood, there is an intricate equilibrise between bone forming cells (osteoblasts) and bone resorbing cells (osteoclasts) which gets modified during advancingage, thus resulting in loss of fragility in bones. The decreased in accelerator matrix permits demineralization vis-à-vis decalcification, chemical moieties of these degradation products have been utilized as biochemical diagnostic markers of the degree of osteoporotic progress. This resulting softening of bone, now can not sustain the weight sheer associated with body movements and thus making an individual more susceptible to fracture. While fractures other than spine or hip can be managed with mobile and/or surgical manipulations, the one in spine often results in compression of softened vertebral body and intervertebral disc. A principal symptom is mainly continual pain which might be crippling. Such fractures might produce pressure on spinal root and sciatica.

          Bone mineral density (BMD) or index (BMI) are now days most talked about terms which have prefabricated general public more-aware of osteoporosis. Otherwise osteoporosis is a normal ageing phenomenon both in females and males. Since androgenic hormone i. e. testosterone in males and female hormones i. e estrogens and 

Progestogens both decline with advancing age,the resultant development of bone fragility

Or osteoporosis is so amalgamated that hormones deficiency is implicitly correlated with development of osteoporosis. in contrast to men there is a massive amount of data relating

To bone mass in females.   Alternatively muscle weakness is an important clinical problem in old age, thus contributing functional limitation for regular activities and related problems such as an increased risk for falls.

Ordinary radiological investigations at time change to detect such fractures and effected

Persons tend to adopt bending posture and need a stick support for normal movement,

Vertebral fractures are well recognized consequence of menopausal bone loss and are most common osteoporotic fractures. All vertebral fractures whether symptomatic or radiographically identified are associated with increased mortality and morbidity including back pain and decreased activity with consequent increased days of ideal rest.

Vertebral fractures are serious and irreversible outcome of osteoporosis and are predicative indicator of future susceptibility to fractures unless otherwise treated because

Osteoporosis is actually a swiftly progressing disease.

Quality of life issues are particularly important when considering management of menopause . Promotion of healthy lifestyle including dietary advice, encouragement and

Counseling regarding physical activity are the palliative measures which should be considered.